Red Alder • Alnus rubra

As spring begins and the soil and air warms, new leaves emerge from overwintered buds. Throughout the spring, the tree's energy is focused on leaf development. The leaves go through a phase of rapid growth, and the tree's canopy starts to fill in,

During early summer, the tree produces catkins that contain male and female flowers and are pollinated by the wind. After pollination, female flowers develop into cone-like structures that contain seeds with small wings. 

As temperatures begin to cool and days become shorter, red alder leaves start to change color, and the mature cones open up to release their winged seeds. Seeds are lightweight and can be carried by the wind to new areas for potential germination.

Throughout this seasonal cycle, and even during months when the trees are dormant, red alder's nitrogen-fixing relationship continues. The nitrogen-fixing bacteria in its root nodules remain active, contributing to soil enrichment year-round.

Red Alder thrives in locations with well-draining soil that retains moisture without becoming excessively dry. Avoid planting it in swamps, poorly drained areas, or places prone to standing water during winter. 

It excels in environments ranging from full sun to full shade and adapts well to moderately fertile, moist, and well-drained soils. Red Alder is also tolerant of various soil types, even slightly saline soils, as long as consistent moisture is ensured.

One of the most remarkable features of Red Alder is its unique relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Within its root nodules, Red Alder forms a symbiotic partnership with these bacteria, known as Frankia. Because of its nitrogen-fixing capacity and its ability to quickly colonize disturbed areas, red alder is often used in reforestation efforts after logging or wildfire has gone through.