Red Elderberry • Sambucus racemosa

In early spring, leaf buds will begin to swell and eventually unfurl into vibrant green foliage. Around this time, clusters of small, creamy-white flowers start to appear on the ends of the branches.

By mid to late summer, red elderberry's flowers have given way to the characteristic reddish-orange berries. The foliage remains a lush green, and the plant's height will eventually reach its peak.

As summer transitions to fall, the red elderberry plant shifts its focus from fruit production to preparing for the winter months. The leaves will start to change color, turning shades of yellow or orange before dropping. During this time, the berries may become darker and more noticeable against the changing foliage.

Winter brings dormancy, and most of the above ground parts of the plant will have died back or remain bare until Spring.

Choose a planting site that receives partial to full sun. Red elderberries can tolerate some shade but tend to produce more berries with adequate sunlight. Ensure the site has well-draining soil to prevent waterlogged roots.

Red elderberries thrive in fertile, moist soils. Amend the soil with organic matter, such as compost, to improve drainage and provide nutrients. Aim for a slightly acidic to neutral soil pH range of 6.0 to 7.0. Planting during cooler, milder weather reduces stress on the plants as they establish their root systems.

Keep the soil consistently moist, especially during the establishment period. Regular watering helps the roots take hold and minimizes transplant shock. Be cautious not to overwater, as soggy soil can lead to root rot.

Red elderberries benefit from annual pruning to encourage healthy growth and berry production. Prune during late winter or early spring when the plant is dormant. Remove dead or weak branches, and thin out crowded growth to improve air circulation.